Progress in my similar problem. May it can help with yours.
After trying so many different things that I lost count, I removed the wireless-network card and installed it into a different PCI slot. When I rebooted, wlan0 was there. It still wasn’t in /dev, but that was just a misunderstanding on my part: it is not something that belongs in /dev, but SHOULD show up in ifconfig and iwconfig.
It still isn’t actually connecting, and I’ve even turned off WPA on my router, temporarily, but at least wlan0 IS there, now.
Edit:
Shortly after posting the above message, I found THIS PAGE, and followed what it said there to get wpasupplicant working. Now, not only is my wireless working, but it IS using WPA2 protection AND (since I have even unplugged the original network cable) that wireless is the network connection through which I am posting this update.
I don't know how much any of what I experienced may apply to you, but I hope it can help in some way. Good luck.
Have been having essentially the same problem, here, with a TP-Link TL-WN651G card. Have tried ath5k and madwifi, but nothing like wlan0 or ath0 ever shows up in /dev (nor, for that matter in ifconfig or iwconfig) and any commands that would want them just result in “No such device” even though the card DOES appear in lspci and modprobe DOES insert some modules.
Thus, it appears it may not be just a Broadcom thing, but rather that you and I are missing some configuration step, somewhere – that or the Broadcom and TP-Link just happen to cause the same condition.